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Showing posts with label affect of shame. Show all posts
Showing posts with label affect of shame. Show all posts

Tuesday, October 30, 2012

Shame: A Concealed, Contagious, and Dangerous Emotion

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Shame informs you of an internal state of inadequacy, dishonor, or regret .
As a self-conscious emotion, shame informs you of an internal state of inadequacy, unworthiness, dishonor, or regret about which others may or may not be aware. Another person, circumstance, or situation can trigger shame in you, but so can a failure to meet your own ideals or standards whether or not they are perfectionist. Given that shame can lead you to feel as though your whole self is flawed, bad, or subject to exclusion, it makes you want to withdraw or hide yourself. So it is no wonder that shame lurks behind addictions that seek to mask its impact.
Shame is often confused with guilt--an emotion you might experience as a result of a wrongdoing about which you might feel remorseful and wish to make amends. Where you will likely have an urge to admit guilt, or talk with others about a situation that left you with guilty feelings, it is much less likely that you will broadcast your shame. In fact, you'll most likely conceal what you feel because shame does not make a distinction between an action and the self. Therefore, with shame, "bad" behavior is not separate from a "bad" self as it is with guilt.
A situation, real or imagined, might trigger a shame response when you experience yourself to be inferior in a competitive endeavor; when others might become aware of information that you want to cover-up; or, if you anticipate being viewed as lacking or inadequate, such as in intellect, appearance, or sexual performance. For example, a woman who had gained a significant amount of weight had difficulty leaving her house because she wanted to avoid the shame that was triggered by being in public. She devalued herself, and her expectation was that others would denigrate her. Likewise, a man who anticipated being judged as inadequate would manipulate, in surreptitious ways, the self-esteem of his partner. When she became weak, self-conscious, and needed his approval, he was then more confident, as well as able to blame her for any failure on his part.

Blaming or denigrating others serves to disown what the shameful person feels. Shame may lead a person to make attributions about others that are disguised attempts to restore a positive self-view or hide negative self-perceptions. In order to escape shame's self-diminishing effects, a person might instead denigrate others or express contempt toward them. Thus a person might attempt to bolster his own view of himself by finding flaws in others so that they become the one who is shameful.
In this same way, shame is especially difficult, if not toxic, for children because it is an emotion that is concealed, especially by victims of aggression or abuse. The anticipation of being shamed by peers creates anxiety in a child if he is the object of bullying. As I discussed in a previous blog ("Do Bullies Really Have Low-Self-esteem?") shame can be experienced as such a negative, intense emotion of self-loathing that it can lead one to disown it, and, in the case of one who acts like a bully, give it away by evoking that emotion in others. Kids who bully and tease can easily figure out what makes other kids ashamed, and they are highly skilled at triggering the emotion of shame in peers. And this makes shame a contagious emotion. Children also are subject to the transmission of shame when they are related to someone who is behaving shamefully. When children are emotionally or physically abandoned, abused, or neglected they often take on the shame that belongs to the adult who left or hurt them by assuming that it's because they themselves are the "bad" one. Some children behave in ways that make them culpable for the shame that belongs to their parents.
On the other hand, parents can experience intense shame because of the behavior of their children. Since an ideal, as a parent, is that children will represent one's best efforts and merits, a child who fails to achieve the desired goals, or whose behavior is an embarrassment, reflects negatively and evokes a shame response. Some parents deny any culpability in the misbehavior of their children in an attempt to disown their shame. Other parents accept too much responsibility and shame for any wrongdoing of a child.
Shame is also contagious if you take on the lethal projections of shame from a partner--especially one who is abusive. Relocating one's own shame in another person is not unusual, and it is a typical self-protective maneuver among narcissists. A narcissistic personality who hides his shame might provoke envy in others when he is plagued with self-doubt and envy himself, or project his own shame in the form of contempt. Narcissistic personalities often have the emotion of shame at their core. Needing to hide a devalued sense of self, they can appear self-inflating. Similarly, a self-deprecating manner can easily disguise a wish for approval and restoration of pride. Always fearing a negative evaluation by others, the narcissist will devalue others, or express hostile indignation about the success of those he envies, in order to deflect the shame from which he wishes to hide.
Any situation that devalues the self and triggers shame can also trigger anger or even rage. This includes situations that incite envy, stir up comparisons, evoke a fear of abandonment, or rouse fantasies about a rival's relative happiness, among other things. The anger experienced by a person who is shamed is like an all-consuming poison and it occupies a great deal of conscious thought. But if a person who is consumed by shame manages to transfer shame to a loved one, then that person will experience its overwhelming toxic repercussions. Shame, when it is taken on by a partner or loved one, can physically and emotionally make a person ill.
Regardless of the trigger, when shame is experienced the deterioration of an esteemed sense of self can be devastating. In addition to the many emotions that can accompany shame, such as envy, anger, rage, and anxiety, we can also include the affects of sadness, depression, depletion, loneliness, and emptiness as a result. And this is where shame can become a dangerous emotion. When shame is experienced as overwhelming, it can negatively color how you view yourself and how you assess the prospect of recovering your self-esteem. Even so, people do recover from experiencing shame.
As with all emotions, shame requires perspective since it is placed in the context of one's environment and current concerns. Negative interpersonal experiences that leave you feeling intense affects such as jealousy, envy, anger, or rage can alert you to the possibility of shame contagion. So you must guard against taking on shame that does not belong to you. One must always assess the inclination to hide when the emotion of shame is triggered. Hiding often accompanies behaviors that are themselves a trigger for further shame, such as addictions, compulsive behaviors, harsh self-criticism, or self-denigration. Don't be afraid to accept responsibility for your own actions that have contributed to experiencing shame. Only then can you forgive yourself.

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How Shame and Guilt can Ruin Recovery

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Gut-wrenching guilt and shame over your past, if carried with you and allowed to remain, can seriously jeopardize your recovery prospects. When coupled with the recurring cravings and urges to use again, you’re liable to be hit with a double whammy.
What can you do? Are you destined to lug around this useless baggage for the rest of your life? Is there any way out of this morass of guilt and shame you can’t seem to shake? The answer is that there is, but, of course, you’ll have to exert some effort in order to overcome the deficits that guilt and shame have saddled you with.
We’ll take a look at how guilt and shame work to derail your recovery and then cover some practical ways to get past those barriers.
Old Memories Die Hard
What is at the root of the guilt and shame that you feel over your past except old memories that simply refuse to leave? The truth is that we all carry with us memories of what we’ve said and done. It would be impossible not to have them and, quite frankly, our lives wouldn’t have as much meaning if we didn’t keep some memories fresh and ready to review again in our minds.
But when we constantly mull over in minute detail all the things that we’ve said and done that have harmed others to the point where we are paralyzed and incapable of doing the work of recovery, our horizons are limited and we’re not likely to make much, if any, progress in recovery.
Why? There’s no way that we can be proactive if we remain stuck in the past. And the past is what fuels the guilt and shame that we currently feel.
Think about it. You get up in the morning and the first think that enters your head is how worthless you feel and that there’s nothing good that could possibly come from anything you do. You feel this way because of the burden of guilt and shame that you wrestle with every day. Until you learn how to overcome these tremendously self-destructive emotions, you’ll have a continuing uphill battle in recovery.
Negative Breeds Negative
Another way that guilt and shame work to undo your recovery, or prevent it from even getting a firm footing, is that a constant emphasis on negativity – and guilt and shame are most definitely negative – does nothing except foster even more negativity.
It’s hard to think or do anything positive if you’re mired in thoughts about how bad you feel and worried about how others regard you due to your past actions in the grip of your addiction.
All you need to do is look in the mirror and you can likely see the ravages that guilt and shame have created. Your brow may be furrowed, your mouth turned downward in a scowl or you avert your eyes because you don’t like what you see. Your very image is a reminder of the terrible person you now believe yourself to be.
What do you suppose happens the rest of the day after it begins like this? Nothing very promising, more likely than not. Who in their right mind would want to continue this way?
Self-Punishment Doesn’t Cleanse Your Soul
If we believe that we are bad or that we are so guilty of transgressions because of our addiction, we often engage in a never-ending ritual of self-punishment. We berate and belittle ourselves because we believe that we deserve to be punished for what we said and did.
Some of us may even consider ourselves sinners in the truest sense of the word. But having sinned, or committed transgressions against others that have done them harm, doesn’t mean that we are sentenced to a lifetime of penance. It doesn’t mean that we should continue to castigate ourselves and condemn ourselves to a narrow world where we never seek happiness or work to better our way of life.
Beyond being a useless form of self-indulgence, self-punishment in the form of guilt and shame will never cleanse your soul. For that you need to seek the counsel of your spiritual advisor, or take up a heart-to-heart conversation with your Higher Power, or God as you know Him. Bottom line: guilt and shame in the guise of self-punishment do no good whatsoever for your recovery.
No One Else Can Come In
When you are closed up and closed off by guilt and shame, there’s no way that anyone else can get in. That means that your hard-encased and self-imposed mantle of guilt and shame simply won’t permit you to let anyone get close to you, not even a friend.
The most bitter individuals, those who believe themselves to be evil and cast-out by virtue of what they’ve done, engage in another habit that’s self-destructive to recovery from drug and alcohol abuse and that is to refuse to allow themselves to be in the company of friends.
After all, they may think to themselves, who wants to be with me after what I’ve done? Well, what do you think are the prospects for those individuals who remain secluded and bereft of human interaction? They generally continue to sink deeper into their gloomy and self-berating thoughts and fail to take action to help in their recovery.
They often return to their drug of choice as a means to obliterate the pain, if only for a short while.
Suicide is a Real Risk
The longer you carry the oppressive burden of guilt and shame, the worse you feel about yourself and your chances to make a change in your life. Carried to extremes, a continuing emphasis on how terrible you’ve been and all the damage you’ve done to others will eat away at you to the point where you may not see any way out.
This is exacerbated by your shutting yourself off from family and friends, from a refusal to take part in 12-step meetings or seeing your therapist or taking your medication, if prescribed to help you overcome depression, anxiety or other psychological conditions or disorders.
No, not every person who feels overwhelming guilt and shame will be pushed to the point of thoughts of suicide or suicidal actions, but the risk is very real. And the risk will not go away without intervention, without either the individual seeking help or others intervening to get help for the person consumed with guilt and shame.
Turning Your Life Around: First Steps
Okay, enough of the bad news. Now that you’ve got a better idea of the harm that keeping on the trajectory of guilt and shame will result in, it’s time to look at what you can do to start turning your life around. The key is that you need to take small steps, manageable ones, and you might as well begin today.
This all begins with a suspension of disbelief. What’s this? Very simply, what you need to do right now is put a stop to your thoughts that you aren’t worth saving, or that you cannot possibly heal. Just tell yourself that you will, for just today, think that you are worth it, that you do deserve a chance to make your life better. Just today, let’s just start with that.
Of course, there’s a lot more to getting past guilt and shame than telling yourself that you deserve the chance to do so, but this is a necessary first step. You have to allow yourself permission to heal before you can actually begin to heal.
n a way, this is a lot like the suspension of disbelief you went through prior to going into rehab. You had no way of knowing whether or not treatment would work. You probably already had a mountain of guilt and shame you brought with you into rehab, but you at least gave yourself the go-ahead to get help, and you took it.
This shows that you do have what it takes to get past guilt and shame. This is a very real demonstration that it is possible to make a difference in your life. But there’s more work ahead for you to make progress in overcoming these oppressive thoughts and emotions.
Get Some Additional Help
What we’re talking about here isn’t occasional twangs of conscience or guilty feelings about your past. This is the serious stuff, the guilt and shame that’s so overpowering that it lays you flat and you don’t do anything proactive for your recovery.
If this is what you’re carrying around with you, it may be appropriate for you to consider getting some additional help in the form of counseling. Your 12-step sponsor isn’t your counselor, nor is your best friends, loved ones or family members. While they are key members of your support network, they aren’t equipped to deal with such powerful emotions that are wreaking such havoc on you. This isn’t their function, either.
If you have continuing counseling available to you in aftercare or continuing care as a part of your rehab or treatment program, by all means avail yourself of it. There’s no reason why you shouldn’t be able to take advantage of what is readily available to you. The only obstacle here is your unwillingness to admit that you need help.
Again, this is much like the self-denial you once engaged in before you finally admitted you needed help to overcome your addiction in the first place. And you got beyond that barrier, so now it’s time to get past this one.
If you do not have counseling readily available, ask for a recommendation from your treatment facility, your family doctor, your minister or clergyman, or from another trusted advisor. Seeing a psychologist or psychiatrist or other therapist may also be covered under certain federal, state or local programs and your referring physician or facility may have information on where such counseling is available for a pay-as-you-go or reduced rate plan.
The other point to be made here is that getting past guilt and shame isn’t a lifelong pursuit. With effective therapy you can get past these emotions that are counter-productive to your recovery. Once you get involved in therapy and start divesting yourself of the burden of guilt and shame, you will probably wonder why it took you so long to do so in the first place.
What’s next? Take proactive steps to continue in your recovery. Read Get Busy with the Work of Recovery.

More Info:  www.addictions.net

Is Self-Loathing an All or Nothing Proposition?

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Several comments to my post on "The Single Self-Loather" were incredibly insightful, and forced me to think about self-loathing in new ways. For instance, Ashley wrote, "Perhaps I still don't grasp what a self-loather actually is—if there is a precise definition. Is it a global self-loathing (i.e. you hate everything about yourself with no redeeming quality)—or are there just some things that you find loathe-worthy which you feel devalues the entire person?" To which Jo replied: "Maybe this reflects the difference between self-esteem and self-worth, the first being more 'situational'... and the other related to your basic worth as a human being? Personally, I have achieved good academic results and 'succeeded' in some important areas, but while I recognize that I am a good student and have academic abilities (and, as such, have at least some self-esteem in certain areas), the feeling of being a bad PERSON pretty much remains the same (i.e. low self-worth)."

As I mulled over these comments, they began to invoke two issues that arise in virtue ethics: the unity of virtues and their variability across situations (or the situationist critique). Before we begin, please understand that I'm not saying that self-loathing is a virtue, though a person can be a "virtuous self-loather" by dealing with other people in a virtuous way despite his or her self-reagrding issues (as described in my last post). All I mean is that there are similar ways in which self-loathing and the virtues are be described or understood, and that claims about the unity of the virtues and the situationist critique have some implications about the nature of self-loathing, which I want to explore.
The unity of the virtues is the claim that possessing one positive character trait necessarily implies possessing all of them. According to this position—which many virtue theorists share, though in vastly different forms—one cannot be truly honest, for example, without also being kind, courageous, and so forth. In other words, there is something essential to being a virtuous person which underlies having the individual virtues, and without that one central, basic thing, you can't be truly virtuous in any specific ways.
Both comments quoted above made me think of self-loathing in similar terms. Does self-loathing imply that you must regard every facet of yourself as inferior, or can you have good opinions of some aspects of yourself and still feel inadequate overall?
I think the answer to this depends on how we understand the nature of self-loathing itself. As I understand it, self-loathing reflects a radical devaluation of one's overall character—in effect, a denial of one's virtues. A self-loathing person considers him- or herself a "bad person," unworthy of concern or love, presumably because the virtues—the good character or personality traits that would justify concern and love—are missing. But do these virtues have to be lacking completely or can some exist and others not? (Never mind the issue of whether one can possess a virtue "partially"—is some kindness better than none, or is halfhearted kindness no real kindness at all? That's a whole other can of worms.)
For some people, feeling like a "bad person" implies a complete lack of any virtues at all. In this view, if a good or virtuous person embodies the unity of virtues, a bad (but not evil) person embodies the unity of lack of virtue. (I'm being careful here not to invoke the opposite of virtue, which would be vice—a self-loathing person can consider herself to be bad in the sense of inadequate or worthy without thinking herself evil.) This is the easiest way to account for self-loathing: obviously, if a person feels he lacks any redeeming qualities at all, he is very likely to loathe himself utterly and completely. If this turns out to be the best way to understand self-loathing, in a backwards sort of way it may also be a supporting argument for the unity of virtues: they're a package deal, and you either have them all or you have none of them.

Is Jo being inconsistent or insincere when she claims to acknowledge her academic success but then downplays her overall quality as a person? Perhaps she does not regard her academic success as reflecting any moral virtue, giving most of the credit to her inborn intelligence or luck rather than her own dedication and perseverance. We may disagree with this judgment, of course, but this would not make her insincere—just modest. More likely, though, she recognizes these positive character traits but does not consider them as important as the other virtues she feels she lacks. This view, however, speaks against the unity of the virtues (or lack thereof), since this position does not usually distinguish between more and less important character traits, simply claiming that they're all connected. The possibility of someone like Jo recognizing goodand bad things about herself implies that her virtues are not unified, that some exist within her while others don't, and that her feelings of inadequacy result from weighing the good and bad against each other—and possibly ranking some, presumably the ones she feels she lacks, as more important—and coming up short overall.
This also suggests a way to combat self-loathing: changing the way you assess your own virtues and lack thereof. If you're a self-loathing individual, besides assessing yourself too harshly, you are likely also overemphasizing the traits in which you feel you fall short—judging those, perhaps not coincidentally, to be the most important ones—and underemphasizing the ones in which you may feel you shine. This may not get to the heart of your predisposition to see yourself in a negative light, but it may help you to remember the ways in which you are a good person, and help you improve your overall self-evaluation.
Next time, I'll discuss the parallels between self-loathing and the situationistic critique of virtue theory: Is self-loathing always the same, or can it vary according to the situation in which it arises?
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For a list of my previous Psychology Today posts on self-loathing (and other topics), see here.
More Info?  www.addictions.net

Monday, September 17, 2012

Shame - Read It, Understand it, BEGIN to Work on IT!

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In this brief synopsis, I tried to describe some of the ideas about shame that have had a significant effect on my work as a psychotherapist, with both individuals and couples. Shame plays a major role in everyone's life. Yet, this often excruciatingly painful feeling, in its various disguises, has, for the most part , been overlooked by most psychotherapies. Our insensitivity to this issue has, I feel, been a major barrier to people being able to make full use of what psychotherapy has to offer.


 
One of the most striking contradictions that I have come across as a therapist is the discrepancy between the centrality of the affect of shame in humans, and the lack of attention shame has received in the study and practice of psychology. In my own training, I was taught to attend to a wide range of feelings: anger, fear, sexuality, excitement, sadness, but rarely, if ever, the feeling of shame. Shame is also avoided in the "real" world as well. In fact, most of us feel shame about feeling shame. As a result shame is rarely acknowledged to others, or even to oneself.  In the last five  years I have been paying much more attention to shame in working with my clients, and am amazed at how crucial attending to this feeling is to doing psychotherapy. As with any feeling, when shame is denied it will only resurface to create even more pain and havoc.
Unfortunately, shame is often unbearable. For example humiliation and mortification, which are part of the "shame family of feelings" may be so painful they may lead to violence or suicide.  We may equate shame with being worthless, unlovable, unredeemable, or cut-off from humanity. It may evoke other painful feelings, rage at the one we feel shamed by, or terror that we will be abandoned, fragmented and/or overwhelmed with despair. Silvan Tomkins (in Nathanson, 1992) said: 
If distress is the affect of suffering, shame is the affect of indignity, transgression and of alienation. Though terror speaks to life and death and distress makes of the world a vale of tears, yet shame strikes deepest into the heart of man.... shame is felt as inner torment, a sickness of the soul....the humiliated one feels himself naked, defeated, alienated, lacking in dignity and worth.

Helen B. Lewis, a pioneer in recognizing the importance of shame to psychotherapy, argued that shame really represents an entire family of emotions. This family includes: humiliation, embarrassment, feelings of low self-esteem, belittlement, and stigmatization. Shame is often a central ingredient in experiences of being:
      
alienated
inadequate
helpless
powerless
defenseless
weak
insecure
uncertain
shy
ineffectual
inferior
flawed
exposed
unworthy
hurt
intimidated
defeated.
rejected
dumped
rebuffed
stupid
bizarre
odd
peculiar
different
 


Shame manifests itself physically in a wide variety of forms. The person may hide their eyes; lower their gaze; blush; bite their lips or tongue; present a forced smile; or fidget. Other responses may include annoyance, defensiveness, exaggeration or denial. Because the affect of shame often interferes with our ability to think, the individual may experience confusion, being at a loss for words, or a completely blank mind.
Shame is often experienced as the inner, critical voice that judges whatever we do as wrong, inferior, or worthless. Often this inner critical voice is repeating what was said to us by our parents, relatives, teachers and peers. We may have been told that we were naughty, selfish, ugly, stupid, etc. We may have been ostracized by peers at school, humiliated by teachers, treated with contempt by our parents. Paradoxically, shame may be caused by others expecting too much of us, evoking criticism when our performance is less than perfect. Some authority figures are never satisfied with one's efforts or performance, they are critical no matter what. Unfortunately, these criticisms become internalized, so that it is our own inner critical voice that is meting out the shaming messages, such as: "You idiot, why did you do that?," "Can't you do anything right?,"or " You should be ashamed of yourself," etc.
One source of shame is associated with the expression of certain emotions. In many families, as well as in many cultures, expression of such feelings as anger, fear, sadness or vulnerability, may be met with shaming reproaches, such as "Pull yourself together," "Don't be a baby,"  "Stop crying or I'll give you something to cry about," or "You don't have anything to be afraid of."  Pride is also a feeling that is often met with shameful condemnations, such as "Who do you think you are, Mr. Bigshot?," or "You're getting too big for your britches."  Often these shaming admonitions are internalized, so that when we get in touch with any of these "shameful feelings" we will automatically feel shame, and try to control or hide the feelings, or, at the very least, to apologize profusely for them.
Clearly these shaming inner voices can do considerable damage to our self esteem. These self criticisms, that we are stupid, selfish, a show-off, etc., become, in varying degrees, how we see ourselves. For some of us,  the inner critical judge is continuously providing a negative evaluation of what we are doing, moment-by-moment. As mentioned before, the inner critic may make it impossible for one to do anything right, telling you that you are too aggressive, or not aggressive enough, that you're too selfish, or that you let people walk all over you.
SHAME AND COUPLES
Additionally shame is often at the root of marital discord.  For example, if one member of the couple wants more intimacy, and/or communication than the other, both may feel shame as a result.  The one wanting more intimacy may feel rejected and shamed for wanting too much, the other may feel shame for either not being comfortable with more closeness, or for wanting more distance than the other.  The shame, because it is so painful, is often bypassed, and can turn into blaming each other (“You don’t love me!”, or “You’re too needy!”).  Unfortunately this results in an increase in shame for both people, resulting in an escalation of blame, a vicious cycle that can have devastating results.  In my work with couples, I focus on what each member of the relationship wants, or does not want, and to frame it in a way that minimizes both people’s shame and blame.  Instead there can be the conversation that was prevented by the shame/blame cycle, decreasing hostile interactions and increasing an understanding of what the other wants.


Just Sayin' ***If You or Someone You know truly wants to recover...You must address the Shame or recovery will NOT be complete.

Check out Booklet: "Is It Low-Self Esteem or Shame" - D. Kuehnel, LCSW - http://sitebuilder.myregisteredsite.com/sitebuilder/f_edit_page.html

Just Sayin' - **Workbooks were developed to eliminate shame aspects within the self-destructive behaviors of Dishonesty/Eating Disorders/Anger/Anxiety